Annotated Bibliography
E.D. Morel: Leadership Through the Congo Reform Association
Amanda Hoffman, Ingrid Engelhardt,
and Houadraa Lee
Amanda Hoffman, Ingrid Engelhardt,
and Houadraa Lee
bibliography.docx | |
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File Type: | docx |
Primary Sources
Articles
"Asks Us to Act in the Congo." New York Times 13 Sept. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article talks about why E.D. Morel was sent to the United States and why he came to talk to Roosevelt specifically. They sent Roosevelt a letter before hand, signed by members of the House of Commons, to try and convince to help their cause. This source helped us give reasoning as to why Morel was chosen for the task of talking to Roosevelt, also giving us a perspective into what citizens of the United States thought of Morel since the article was written by a citizen.
"Congo Reform Plea on Way to President." New York Times 30 Sept. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article talks about Morel coming to the United States to meet with the President, Theodore Roosevelt. They use quotes from Morel, saying how Roosevelt could be a great influence in the world on this issue, partially because he has no involvement with Africa, making him a valuable third party. The article helped us learn how Morel influenced the United States and why he wanted the United States to help the Congo Reform Association.
"Debate on Congo Question." New York Times 21 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
The article states that there was a possible debate on the subject of the Congo between Leopold’s representative and Thomas Barbour, a man who was heavily involved with enforcing the rights the natives deserved in the Congo. It stated that the President had made no comment on the debate at the time, but had spoken to the Congo Reform Association. This article helped us show that E.D. Morel was becoming recognizable by many government officials and starting to form a group of influential people that would support him.
Morel, E. D. "Reform In The Congo." The Washington Post 3 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
An article written by E.D. Morel speaking about England’s involvement with the Congo. It also speaks about how the United States should get involved. It was an article that was trying to make the public aware of what was happening in the Congo and helped us understand how Morel wanted support from both the United States and England.
"Row in Peace Congress over Congo Question." New York Times 8 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article gives a descriptive account of what happened at the debate between King Leopold’s representatives and the Congo Reform Association, demonstrating what they were saying with quotes from the debate. It was really interesting to be able to know what they said at the debate and how Leopold defended his system and how the Congo Reform Association attacked him.
"Say Britain Wants Congo." New York Times 2 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article is a summary of the events of the Congo Free State and The Congo Reform Association’s role in the event. It focuses on how the Congo Reform Association wanted involvement from Britain in helping push Leopold out of control. The article talks about agents of the Congo Free State saying there are horrors happening in the Congo and reporting mistreatment of the natives. It helped us prove that Morel was bringing awareness to the United States on what was happening in the Congo.
"Story of the Congo State." New York Times 12 Mar. 1905: n. pag. Print.
This article was written by a reader of the New York Times, writing to the editor to convey his disagreement with a past article they had written on the Congo State and the help given by the United States. He did research on the subject and found that they were in fact not involved at that point and that was wrong information. It shows that there were a lot of rumors circulating while Morel was meeting with the President and people were saying different things the events in the United States.
"Thanks Cardinal Gibbons." New York Times 18 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article demonstrated to us the opposition Morel felt in the United States and that Leopold had allies in the United States that supported him. It also showed how Leopold kept people thinking he was good to the Congolese people. This was because he had people who supported him and spread the word of his “kindness”.
"The President's Wise Choice." The Washington Post 9 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This is an article about E.D. Morel coming to the United States to speak with President Roosevelt, who the CRA wanted help from in getting King Leopold out of the Congo. A citizen who did not want the United States to get involved wrote the artice. This helped us see that not all people agreed with E.D. Morel and that he did have a lot of adversary’s and it was hard for him to get his point across when not many people wanted to get involved with the issue.
Books
Casement, Roger, and Roger Sawyer. Roger Casement's Diaries: 1910: The Black and the White. London: Pimlico, 1997. Print.
Written by Roger Casement, this book shows his point of view on the Congo Reform Association and the events occurring in the Congo. This book really helped to outline the outside events effective in the time of the Congo Reform Association. With all the things that Roger Casement wrote in his diaries, we were able to examine the events that took place during this time period. Also he described who Morel was and spoke very highly of him and really helped us prove the fact they had a great friendship that involved establishing the Congo Reform Association
Casement, Roger, Séamas Ó Síocháin, and Michael O'Sullivan. The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary. Dublin: U College Dublin, 2003. Print.
This book examined how Roger Casement was appointed as the consul to visit the Congo and investigate the atrocities. It provided a lot of quotes about the horrors in the Congo, and how this Casements report was directly followed by the Belgian annexation of the Congo. This source really helped us because it included pictures of the natives and what King Leopold’s enforcers were doing to the people.
Conrad, Joseph, and Robert Kimbrough. Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. New York: Norton, 1988. Print
This is a realistic-fiction story about what was happening in the Congo, based on what Joseph Conrad was told about what was occurring in Africa. Conrad also took a lot of inspiration from Morel’s writings. It helped us give evidence that Morel was inspiring important writers of that time and prove how the writers helped bring awareness to what was happening in the Congo and supported the Congo Reform Association.
Morel, E. D. Affairs of West Africa. London: Cass, 1968. Print.
This was one of Morel’s first, most important, books. This book contained a detailed and exhaustive description of West Africa, its history, and its inhabitants. It revealed a large range of knowledge of the country at that time and demonstrated insights as to the customs of the people. This source really helped us because it was the first major thing that Morel did to attack Leopold. It was in this sense that Morel stood up against the shameful cruelty which the Leopoldian system perpetrated on the Congo state.
Morel, E. D. Great Britain and the Congo; the Pillage of the Congo Basin. New York: H. Fertig, 1969. Print.
Through this book, Morel directly exposed the duplicity of the British government. This was the beginning of yet another one of his campaigns against the British rule in the Congo. He connected both the situations in Belgium and Britain and continued to emphasize and enforce the negative consequences that may follow native misrule. This book helped us because it truly showed us Morel’s point of view.
Morel, E. D. King Leopold's Rule in Africa. Westport, CT: Negro Universities, 1970. Print.
This book, written by Morel, examined and exposed all the atrocities happening in the Congo, attacking King Leopold and his regime. Morel was truthful in presenting his evidence and blunt in how to get rid of the root of this evil. He included pictures and several quotes from those who were also against Leopold’s rule in the Congo. It also gave charts and graphs about the number of severed hands and the killings that happened in the Congo.
Morel, E. D. The Black Man's Burden. Manchester: National Labour, 1920. Print.
In this book E.D. Morel talks about the horrors that occurred in the Congo under Leopold ll’s rule. Using quotes and descriptions of what was happening in Africa, the book gave us a very good sense of who Morel was as a person and what he stood for. It also really shows his writing styles and how he conveyed his message to the public.
Morel, E. D., and Harry Johnston. Red Rubber: The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1907. London: T.F. Unwin, 1907. Print.
E.D. Morel made this in the later years of the Congo Reform Association. Written to expose what King Leopold ll was doing in the Congo, its very factual and goes very in depth into what exactly was going on. One of his most popular books, when people read the book they were truly shocked to discover the horrors going on inside the Congo. This book also really demonstrated how he wrote, it wasn’t like a regular book. He wrote with evidence to support every claim he made about King Leopold, something no one else did in that time. This helped us because it was one of his most famous books that was about his views on the Congo. We also pulled quite a few of quotes from this book to use in our website.
Morel, E.D, and William Roger Louis. Edmund Dene Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1968. Print.
This book examined the policies of land tenure that Morel formed during the Congo campaign. It discussed how after the Belgian government recognized the rights of the natives, the British Foreign Office adopted policies on land rights and tenure. This book helped us understand the legacy of the Congo Reform Association.
Twain, Mark, and E. D. Morel. King Leopold's Soliloquy: A Defence of His Congo Rule. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907. Print.
Mark Twain was inspired by Morel to write this book about the horrors of the Congo and what King Leopold did. King Leopold’s Soliloquy helped us understand how Morel’s writings brought awareness to the Congo subject. The public discovered more about King Leopold after this book was published. It should also be noted that E.D. Morel only helped write the intro to the book.
Secondary Sources
Articles:
Chapman, Jane (2011),"Counter hegemony, newspapers and the origins of anti-colonialism in French India", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 38 Iss 2 pp. 128 - 139
Chapman gives background on colonization, dating all the way back to 1664, and provides a solid understanding of the development of colonization and how it has changed over time. It helped us understand what was happening in other countries, besides Belgium, and their involvement with colonizing Africa. It made us realize that the colonization of Africa is not black and white, its a gray area where everyone is the culprit, though Belgium was one of the largest.
Pavlakis, Dean. "The Development of British Overseas Humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Campaign." Project Muse 11.1 (2010): n. pag. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. Web.
In this article, Dr. Pavlakis examines how the Congo Reform Association was established and the significance of its members. It also looks at how Morel’s work went on to help develop 20th century humanitarianism, specifically talking about Alice and John Harris who went on to work with other humanitarian organizations. The article also details how the CRA helped inspire groups such as Anti-Slavery and Save the Children.
"The Congo Reform Association." Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce: The Colonial Experience in the Congo (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
This article examined the specific goals of the Congo Reform Association and included many quotes from letters Morel sent to people in order to gain support. It explains what events were behind the formation of the CRA and what it eventually accomplished. We used this source to understand exactly what the goals of the Congo Reform association were at its establishment and what parties were involved in setting these goals.
Books
Anstey, Roger. King Leopold's Legacy. London: Oxford UP, 1966. Print.
This book examined, and went into detail, on how King Leopold took over the Congo and how he plundered the land of the valuable rubber and exploited its people. One of the biggest things that was included in this source was the trade statistics of the different states in the Congo. By comparing the trade statistics in Leopoldville to that of Stanleyville, or Matadi, we saw that the profits there were three times larger than the other states.
Castelein, A. The Congo State: Its Origin, Rights, and Duties, the Charges of Its Accusers. New York: Negro Universities, 1969. Print.
An interesting fact about this book was how King Leopold used different methods to manipulate the nations who attended the Berlin Conference to allow him to have the Congo. He stated that by owning the Congo, they were bringing Christianity to the only part of the world where God had not penetrated yet. This helped us understand the background of our topic much better.
Cline, Catherine Ann. E.D. Morel. Belfast: Blackstaff, 1980. Print.
This book examined the life of E.D. Morel and most importantly how he formed the CRA. It went through how he first found out about the atrocities in the Congo and exposed them, to forming the CRA and influencing people. With this source, we were able to really capture the leadership of Morel and how he was able to get people to speak out against the problem in the Congo.
Cocks, F. Seymour. E.D. Morel: The Man and His Work. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1920. Print.
F. Seymour Cocks brings readers through E.D. Morel’s journey of getting the clerkship at Elder Dempster to finding out about the atrocities in the Congo and forming the Congo Reform Association. He includes many quotes from Morel himself and from others who worked with Morel at the time of the formation of the CRA. Since this book was published not too long after the CRA, we were able to gather a lot of new and valuable information about Morel.
Edgerton, Robert B. The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. New York: St. Martin's, 2002. Print.
A history of the Congo going from the 1600’s until the 1980’s. It’s very brief but gives you the big picture of each era. It gave us context as to what the Congo was like before King Leopold, and what led to him to buy it. In addition, it talked about what the Congo was like after King Leopold and how the people there have never been able to fully recover from the disaster that happened.
Esedebe, P. Olisanwuche. Pan-Africanism: The Idea and Movement, 1776-1963. Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1982. Print.
This book examined one of the main things people tried to do towards the end of colonialism, rule their own nation. In Africa, the land has been continuously dominated and alienated by Europeans. When people began to take a stand in becoming independent, they were reminded of E.D. Morel and his work. It was he who pointed out that the natives should always have ownership of their property. This book helped us get an idea of how Morel’s name was involved with colonialism after the CRA.
Ewans, Martin. European Atrocity, African Catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and Its Aftermath. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. Print.
This book gave us a lot of background on what happened in the Congo and exactly what King Leopold was doing there. It also had a chapter on E.D. Morel which goes very in depth about his journalism and when he first started writing articles exposing King Leopold ll for what he was doing in the Congo.
Gondola, Ch Didier. The History of Congo. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002. Print.
This book describes the Congo before Leopold came as well as after he left. It gave us a great sense of how Leopold changed the Congo and also why he initially wanted the territory. With the high demand of rubber at the time it was a great time to purchase it, allowing Leopold to make immense profits. This helped us specifically examine the reasons Leopold took control of the Congo.
Hennessy, Maurice N. The Congo: A Brief History and Appraisal. New York: Praeger, 1961. Print.
This book examined the history of the Congo and its people. We were able to gather a lot of information on how King Leopold was able to take over the Congo territory. We also learned of the rules and/or laws that were laid down during the conflict over which nation got the African territory, the scramble for Africa.
Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print.
Hochschild describes how Morel started the movement in the Congo to give the natives the rights they deserve. He goes on to describe how he was one of the most influential people in the movement as well as how Morel showed leadership in The Congo Reform Association. This helped us in the early process of our project to establish the details of Morel and the Congo Reform Association.
Inglis, Brian. Roger Casement. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974. Print.
This book examined all the reports Roger Casement filed on the Congo. It gave us information about how his reports contributed significantly to, and enforced, the CRA. It also shows how they supported what the CRA was saying at the time. Inglis demonstrates how the Foreign Office really began to believe the claims that were being made. This helped us learn what Casement found in the Congo and how the evidence E.D. Morel gave to the Foreign Office made them begin to question King Leopold.
Mitchell, Donald. Politics of Dissent: A Biography of E D Morel. N.p.: Silver Wood Empowered, 2014. Print.
This book went into detail on the course of actions Morel took to form the Congo Reform Association. It details Morel’s actions before establishing the CRA as well as what he went on to do after. This source also reflects on the legacy of Morel’s work and the effect the CRA has had on the Congo and its population. With the help of this source, we were able to add more to our main argument and background.
Reybrouck, David Van, and Sam Garrett. Congo: The Epic History of a People. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
This book gives a history of the Congo and talks about the land and people before Leopold ll took control. It gave us a great sense of what this country was like and how Leopold ll really changed the Congo. It helped us get a sense of a timeline in the Congo and how, before King Leopold, other countries were involved with the Congo, such as Portugal.
Schiffrin, Anya. Global Muckraking: 100 Years of Investigative Journalism from around the World. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
This book focused specifically on journalism from around the world. It traced Morel’s strategies in journalism while he was writing about the horrors in the Congo. This source helped point out Morel’s legacy on investigative journalism and how his skills and journalistic style are still used today.
Slade, Ruth M. King Leopold's Congo; Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. London: Oxford UP, 1962. Print.
This book examined the beginning of Leopold’s rule in Africa and how it came to be so disastrous. It discusses how the events that happened in the Congo have influenced the course of the Congolese. This book helped us because it was extremely detailed as to King Leopold and his cruelties.
Documentary:
Congo: White King, Red Rubber, Black Death. Dir. Peter Bate. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2003. DVD.
This documentary narrated to us how King Leopold became the ruler of the Congo and what people tried to do to stop him, describing what Morel did and how he did it. It was the first thing we watched about Morel and really let us get to know who he was and what he did so we could start going more in depth with our project.
Interviews
"Adam Hochschild Interview." Interview by Adam Hochschild. n.d.: n. pag. Print.
Adam Hochschild is a writer and activist who wrote several books on our topic including King Leopold’s Ghost and To End All Wars. We asked him how Morel has personally inspired him, how Morel was a leader and what he believes to be Morel’s legacy. He talked about how Morel’s use of writing was a very crucial part of his campaign because people could twist his words so he had to be very careful.
“Higgs, Dr. Catherine.” Interview by Houadraa Lee and Ingrid Engelhardt. n.d.: n. pag.
Catherine Cline is a professor at the University of Tennessee in the department of history with a focus on African colonialism. She talked to us about specific events in the background of the Congo, but she also spoke to us about his legacy in regards to other writers and activists.
“Dean Pavlakis.” Interviewed by Amanda Hoffman and Houadraa Lee. 5 Apr. 2015
Dr. Pavlakis received his Ph.D. from the University at Buffalo, completing fields in Modern European History, Modern British History, and Atlantic History, with additional special attention to colonial and post-colonial Africa. His research focuses on the how European humanitarianism dealt with colonial rule, especially as it pertained to Africa. His dissertation provides the basis of a forthcoming book on the Congo Reform Movement in Britain and beyond. Dr. Pavlakis discussed with us about Morel’s main legacy and went into depth into how Morel conducted the CRA. He detailed Morel’s impact and relation in politics, also describing to us some of the specific people who were affiliated with Morel and his work.
Websites:
Ankomah, Baffour. "The Butcher of Congo." N.p., Oct. 1999. Web.
This source talks about what King Leopold did in the Congo, also giving us insight into why King Leopold sold the Congo to the Belgian government. It also helped us understand E.D. Morel’s role in these events. It really helped us support our understanding of the effect E.D. Morel had on the Foreign Office, which started to investigate what was going on in the Congo.
Kakutani, Michiko. "'King Leopold's Ghost': Genocide with Spin Control."New York Times. The New York Times, 1 Sept. 1998. Web.
This article describes King Leopold’s Ghost, which is written by the person we interviewed, Adam Hochschild. It’s what inspired us to look into Hochschild and was helpful in finding new resources and books. It also gave us really good quotes from the Roger Casement Report that we got to use on our website and helped us make the original connection between Casement and Morel.
"King Leopold's Ghost." King Leopold's Ghost. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.
This is a review of King Leopold’s Ghost which documents how Leopold sold the Congo to Belgium and how E.D. Morel helped influence that. It was really interesting and helped us prove how people are still learning about E.D. Morel today and how he continues influences people.
“The Morel Prize.” http://www.morelprize.org/
This award serves as an opportunity to reward the efforts of individuals or organizations that have made a particularly significant contribution in defense of the Congolese people. Also to all the countless individuals and organizations who continue to invest their time, energy and resources in defending or advocating for the betterment of Congo as well as the Congolese people. Last but not least, the prize also aims to refocus present, future and historical attention of the Congolese people to individuals and organizations who, often at great personal risk to themselves, have made the Congolese cause a personal mission. This website gave us a sense of how Morel is still remembered and that his name is now used to honor others who have followed in the footsteps of his cause.
Images:
Adam Hochschild. Digital image. Fresh Books. N.p., n.d. Web.http://freshfiction.com/author.php?id=10832
Digital image. A Celebration of Women. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://acelebrationofwomen.org/2013/03/alice-seeley-harris-woman-of-action/>.
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Digital image. Anti Slavery. N.p., n.d. Web. http://shop.antislavery.org/product/Images-Historical-Belgian-Congo/King-Leopold-II-of-Belgium/51
Digital image. APimperialisminafrica. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://apimperialisminafrica.wikispaces.com/>.
Digital image. Berlin Conference 1885. N.p., n.d. Web. Digital image. History.utk. N.p., n.d. Web.
Digital image. Bouncing-balls. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/people/nr_leopoldmorel.htm>.
Digital image. Congo Hope. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://congohope.org/
Digital image. Contemporaneos. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://historiae-contemporanea.blogspot.com/2014/01/un-ejemplo-de-explotacion-colonial-el.html>.
Digital image. Feedbooks. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.feedbooks.com/book/15/heart-of-darkness>.
Digital image. Imperialists Divide Nigeria and South Africa. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://apimperialismproject.wikispaces.com/1)Nigeria>.
Digital image. King Leopold's Ghost. Glogster, n.d. Web. http://www.glogster.com/soybeanmonster/king-leopold-s-ghost/g-6mfmogsq7tb8elr56dhkia0
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://archive.org/details/CasementReport>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://archive.org/details/congoslavestatep00more>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://bookmarkzero.com/?tag=king-leopold-ii-of-belgium>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/boats/boat_haai.htm>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.gutenberg.org/>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.35737/>.
Digital image. Montclair. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/i2l/kls.html>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.phcmontreat.org/>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://punch.photoshelter.com/>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/roger-casement-says-poverty-in-connemara-is-worst-in-civilized-world>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/ElderD-1.html>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.woodcollab.com/congo/museum_section/museum1.html>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.1916rising.com/bioCasement.html>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <virtual-library.culturalservices.net>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <www.historyireland.com>.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <www.passports.com>.
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Digital image. River Thames, England. Book Drum, n.d. Web. http://www.bookdrum.com/books/heart-of-darkness/9780140186529/setting.html
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<http://history.utk.edu/peopletwo/catherine-higgs/>.<http://www.africafederation.net/Berlin_1885.htm>.
Digital image. CWS Africa Case Studies Portfolio Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://joegutierrezcwsspring2014.blogspot.com/2014/05/political-cartoon-analysis-by-joe.html>.
Articles
"Asks Us to Act in the Congo." New York Times 13 Sept. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article talks about why E.D. Morel was sent to the United States and why he came to talk to Roosevelt specifically. They sent Roosevelt a letter before hand, signed by members of the House of Commons, to try and convince to help their cause. This source helped us give reasoning as to why Morel was chosen for the task of talking to Roosevelt, also giving us a perspective into what citizens of the United States thought of Morel since the article was written by a citizen.
"Congo Reform Plea on Way to President." New York Times 30 Sept. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article talks about Morel coming to the United States to meet with the President, Theodore Roosevelt. They use quotes from Morel, saying how Roosevelt could be a great influence in the world on this issue, partially because he has no involvement with Africa, making him a valuable third party. The article helped us learn how Morel influenced the United States and why he wanted the United States to help the Congo Reform Association.
"Debate on Congo Question." New York Times 21 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
The article states that there was a possible debate on the subject of the Congo between Leopold’s representative and Thomas Barbour, a man who was heavily involved with enforcing the rights the natives deserved in the Congo. It stated that the President had made no comment on the debate at the time, but had spoken to the Congo Reform Association. This article helped us show that E.D. Morel was becoming recognizable by many government officials and starting to form a group of influential people that would support him.
Morel, E. D. "Reform In The Congo." The Washington Post 3 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
An article written by E.D. Morel speaking about England’s involvement with the Congo. It also speaks about how the United States should get involved. It was an article that was trying to make the public aware of what was happening in the Congo and helped us understand how Morel wanted support from both the United States and England.
"Row in Peace Congress over Congo Question." New York Times 8 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article gives a descriptive account of what happened at the debate between King Leopold’s representatives and the Congo Reform Association, demonstrating what they were saying with quotes from the debate. It was really interesting to be able to know what they said at the debate and how Leopold defended his system and how the Congo Reform Association attacked him.
"Say Britain Wants Congo." New York Times 2 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article is a summary of the events of the Congo Free State and The Congo Reform Association’s role in the event. It focuses on how the Congo Reform Association wanted involvement from Britain in helping push Leopold out of control. The article talks about agents of the Congo Free State saying there are horrors happening in the Congo and reporting mistreatment of the natives. It helped us prove that Morel was bringing awareness to the United States on what was happening in the Congo.
"Story of the Congo State." New York Times 12 Mar. 1905: n. pag. Print.
This article was written by a reader of the New York Times, writing to the editor to convey his disagreement with a past article they had written on the Congo State and the help given by the United States. He did research on the subject and found that they were in fact not involved at that point and that was wrong information. It shows that there were a lot of rumors circulating while Morel was meeting with the President and people were saying different things the events in the United States.
"Thanks Cardinal Gibbons." New York Times 18 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This article demonstrated to us the opposition Morel felt in the United States and that Leopold had allies in the United States that supported him. It also showed how Leopold kept people thinking he was good to the Congolese people. This was because he had people who supported him and spread the word of his “kindness”.
"The President's Wise Choice." The Washington Post 9 Oct. 1904: n. pag. Print.
This is an article about E.D. Morel coming to the United States to speak with President Roosevelt, who the CRA wanted help from in getting King Leopold out of the Congo. A citizen who did not want the United States to get involved wrote the artice. This helped us see that not all people agreed with E.D. Morel and that he did have a lot of adversary’s and it was hard for him to get his point across when not many people wanted to get involved with the issue.
Books
Casement, Roger, and Roger Sawyer. Roger Casement's Diaries: 1910: The Black and the White. London: Pimlico, 1997. Print.
Written by Roger Casement, this book shows his point of view on the Congo Reform Association and the events occurring in the Congo. This book really helped to outline the outside events effective in the time of the Congo Reform Association. With all the things that Roger Casement wrote in his diaries, we were able to examine the events that took place during this time period. Also he described who Morel was and spoke very highly of him and really helped us prove the fact they had a great friendship that involved establishing the Congo Reform Association
Casement, Roger, Séamas Ó Síocháin, and Michael O'Sullivan. The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary. Dublin: U College Dublin, 2003. Print.
This book examined how Roger Casement was appointed as the consul to visit the Congo and investigate the atrocities. It provided a lot of quotes about the horrors in the Congo, and how this Casements report was directly followed by the Belgian annexation of the Congo. This source really helped us because it included pictures of the natives and what King Leopold’s enforcers were doing to the people.
Conrad, Joseph, and Robert Kimbrough. Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. New York: Norton, 1988. Print
This is a realistic-fiction story about what was happening in the Congo, based on what Joseph Conrad was told about what was occurring in Africa. Conrad also took a lot of inspiration from Morel’s writings. It helped us give evidence that Morel was inspiring important writers of that time and prove how the writers helped bring awareness to what was happening in the Congo and supported the Congo Reform Association.
Morel, E. D. Affairs of West Africa. London: Cass, 1968. Print.
This was one of Morel’s first, most important, books. This book contained a detailed and exhaustive description of West Africa, its history, and its inhabitants. It revealed a large range of knowledge of the country at that time and demonstrated insights as to the customs of the people. This source really helped us because it was the first major thing that Morel did to attack Leopold. It was in this sense that Morel stood up against the shameful cruelty which the Leopoldian system perpetrated on the Congo state.
Morel, E. D. Great Britain and the Congo; the Pillage of the Congo Basin. New York: H. Fertig, 1969. Print.
Through this book, Morel directly exposed the duplicity of the British government. This was the beginning of yet another one of his campaigns against the British rule in the Congo. He connected both the situations in Belgium and Britain and continued to emphasize and enforce the negative consequences that may follow native misrule. This book helped us because it truly showed us Morel’s point of view.
Morel, E. D. King Leopold's Rule in Africa. Westport, CT: Negro Universities, 1970. Print.
This book, written by Morel, examined and exposed all the atrocities happening in the Congo, attacking King Leopold and his regime. Morel was truthful in presenting his evidence and blunt in how to get rid of the root of this evil. He included pictures and several quotes from those who were also against Leopold’s rule in the Congo. It also gave charts and graphs about the number of severed hands and the killings that happened in the Congo.
Morel, E. D. The Black Man's Burden. Manchester: National Labour, 1920. Print.
In this book E.D. Morel talks about the horrors that occurred in the Congo under Leopold ll’s rule. Using quotes and descriptions of what was happening in Africa, the book gave us a very good sense of who Morel was as a person and what he stood for. It also really shows his writing styles and how he conveyed his message to the public.
Morel, E. D., and Harry Johnston. Red Rubber: The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1907. London: T.F. Unwin, 1907. Print.
E.D. Morel made this in the later years of the Congo Reform Association. Written to expose what King Leopold ll was doing in the Congo, its very factual and goes very in depth into what exactly was going on. One of his most popular books, when people read the book they were truly shocked to discover the horrors going on inside the Congo. This book also really demonstrated how he wrote, it wasn’t like a regular book. He wrote with evidence to support every claim he made about King Leopold, something no one else did in that time. This helped us because it was one of his most famous books that was about his views on the Congo. We also pulled quite a few of quotes from this book to use in our website.
Morel, E.D, and William Roger Louis. Edmund Dene Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1968. Print.
This book examined the policies of land tenure that Morel formed during the Congo campaign. It discussed how after the Belgian government recognized the rights of the natives, the British Foreign Office adopted policies on land rights and tenure. This book helped us understand the legacy of the Congo Reform Association.
Twain, Mark, and E. D. Morel. King Leopold's Soliloquy: A Defence of His Congo Rule. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907. Print.
Mark Twain was inspired by Morel to write this book about the horrors of the Congo and what King Leopold did. King Leopold’s Soliloquy helped us understand how Morel’s writings brought awareness to the Congo subject. The public discovered more about King Leopold after this book was published. It should also be noted that E.D. Morel only helped write the intro to the book.
Secondary Sources
Articles:
Chapman, Jane (2011),"Counter hegemony, newspapers and the origins of anti-colonialism in French India", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 38 Iss 2 pp. 128 - 139
Chapman gives background on colonization, dating all the way back to 1664, and provides a solid understanding of the development of colonization and how it has changed over time. It helped us understand what was happening in other countries, besides Belgium, and their involvement with colonizing Africa. It made us realize that the colonization of Africa is not black and white, its a gray area where everyone is the culprit, though Belgium was one of the largest.
Pavlakis, Dean. "The Development of British Overseas Humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Campaign." Project Muse 11.1 (2010): n. pag. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. Web.
In this article, Dr. Pavlakis examines how the Congo Reform Association was established and the significance of its members. It also looks at how Morel’s work went on to help develop 20th century humanitarianism, specifically talking about Alice and John Harris who went on to work with other humanitarian organizations. The article also details how the CRA helped inspire groups such as Anti-Slavery and Save the Children.
"The Congo Reform Association." Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce: The Colonial Experience in the Congo (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
This article examined the specific goals of the Congo Reform Association and included many quotes from letters Morel sent to people in order to gain support. It explains what events were behind the formation of the CRA and what it eventually accomplished. We used this source to understand exactly what the goals of the Congo Reform association were at its establishment and what parties were involved in setting these goals.
Books
Anstey, Roger. King Leopold's Legacy. London: Oxford UP, 1966. Print.
This book examined, and went into detail, on how King Leopold took over the Congo and how he plundered the land of the valuable rubber and exploited its people. One of the biggest things that was included in this source was the trade statistics of the different states in the Congo. By comparing the trade statistics in Leopoldville to that of Stanleyville, or Matadi, we saw that the profits there were three times larger than the other states.
Castelein, A. The Congo State: Its Origin, Rights, and Duties, the Charges of Its Accusers. New York: Negro Universities, 1969. Print.
An interesting fact about this book was how King Leopold used different methods to manipulate the nations who attended the Berlin Conference to allow him to have the Congo. He stated that by owning the Congo, they were bringing Christianity to the only part of the world where God had not penetrated yet. This helped us understand the background of our topic much better.
Cline, Catherine Ann. E.D. Morel. Belfast: Blackstaff, 1980. Print.
This book examined the life of E.D. Morel and most importantly how he formed the CRA. It went through how he first found out about the atrocities in the Congo and exposed them, to forming the CRA and influencing people. With this source, we were able to really capture the leadership of Morel and how he was able to get people to speak out against the problem in the Congo.
Cocks, F. Seymour. E.D. Morel: The Man and His Work. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1920. Print.
F. Seymour Cocks brings readers through E.D. Morel’s journey of getting the clerkship at Elder Dempster to finding out about the atrocities in the Congo and forming the Congo Reform Association. He includes many quotes from Morel himself and from others who worked with Morel at the time of the formation of the CRA. Since this book was published not too long after the CRA, we were able to gather a lot of new and valuable information about Morel.
Edgerton, Robert B. The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. New York: St. Martin's, 2002. Print.
A history of the Congo going from the 1600’s until the 1980’s. It’s very brief but gives you the big picture of each era. It gave us context as to what the Congo was like before King Leopold, and what led to him to buy it. In addition, it talked about what the Congo was like after King Leopold and how the people there have never been able to fully recover from the disaster that happened.
Esedebe, P. Olisanwuche. Pan-Africanism: The Idea and Movement, 1776-1963. Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1982. Print.
This book examined one of the main things people tried to do towards the end of colonialism, rule their own nation. In Africa, the land has been continuously dominated and alienated by Europeans. When people began to take a stand in becoming independent, they were reminded of E.D. Morel and his work. It was he who pointed out that the natives should always have ownership of their property. This book helped us get an idea of how Morel’s name was involved with colonialism after the CRA.
Ewans, Martin. European Atrocity, African Catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and Its Aftermath. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. Print.
This book gave us a lot of background on what happened in the Congo and exactly what King Leopold was doing there. It also had a chapter on E.D. Morel which goes very in depth about his journalism and when he first started writing articles exposing King Leopold ll for what he was doing in the Congo.
Gondola, Ch Didier. The History of Congo. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002. Print.
This book describes the Congo before Leopold came as well as after he left. It gave us a great sense of how Leopold changed the Congo and also why he initially wanted the territory. With the high demand of rubber at the time it was a great time to purchase it, allowing Leopold to make immense profits. This helped us specifically examine the reasons Leopold took control of the Congo.
Hennessy, Maurice N. The Congo: A Brief History and Appraisal. New York: Praeger, 1961. Print.
This book examined the history of the Congo and its people. We were able to gather a lot of information on how King Leopold was able to take over the Congo territory. We also learned of the rules and/or laws that were laid down during the conflict over which nation got the African territory, the scramble for Africa.
Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print.
Hochschild describes how Morel started the movement in the Congo to give the natives the rights they deserve. He goes on to describe how he was one of the most influential people in the movement as well as how Morel showed leadership in The Congo Reform Association. This helped us in the early process of our project to establish the details of Morel and the Congo Reform Association.
Inglis, Brian. Roger Casement. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974. Print.
This book examined all the reports Roger Casement filed on the Congo. It gave us information about how his reports contributed significantly to, and enforced, the CRA. It also shows how they supported what the CRA was saying at the time. Inglis demonstrates how the Foreign Office really began to believe the claims that were being made. This helped us learn what Casement found in the Congo and how the evidence E.D. Morel gave to the Foreign Office made them begin to question King Leopold.
Mitchell, Donald. Politics of Dissent: A Biography of E D Morel. N.p.: Silver Wood Empowered, 2014. Print.
This book went into detail on the course of actions Morel took to form the Congo Reform Association. It details Morel’s actions before establishing the CRA as well as what he went on to do after. This source also reflects on the legacy of Morel’s work and the effect the CRA has had on the Congo and its population. With the help of this source, we were able to add more to our main argument and background.
Reybrouck, David Van, and Sam Garrett. Congo: The Epic History of a People. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
This book gives a history of the Congo and talks about the land and people before Leopold ll took control. It gave us a great sense of what this country was like and how Leopold ll really changed the Congo. It helped us get a sense of a timeline in the Congo and how, before King Leopold, other countries were involved with the Congo, such as Portugal.
Schiffrin, Anya. Global Muckraking: 100 Years of Investigative Journalism from around the World. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
This book focused specifically on journalism from around the world. It traced Morel’s strategies in journalism while he was writing about the horrors in the Congo. This source helped point out Morel’s legacy on investigative journalism and how his skills and journalistic style are still used today.
Slade, Ruth M. King Leopold's Congo; Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. London: Oxford UP, 1962. Print.
This book examined the beginning of Leopold’s rule in Africa and how it came to be so disastrous. It discusses how the events that happened in the Congo have influenced the course of the Congolese. This book helped us because it was extremely detailed as to King Leopold and his cruelties.
Documentary:
Congo: White King, Red Rubber, Black Death. Dir. Peter Bate. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2003. DVD.
This documentary narrated to us how King Leopold became the ruler of the Congo and what people tried to do to stop him, describing what Morel did and how he did it. It was the first thing we watched about Morel and really let us get to know who he was and what he did so we could start going more in depth with our project.
Interviews
"Adam Hochschild Interview." Interview by Adam Hochschild. n.d.: n. pag. Print.
Adam Hochschild is a writer and activist who wrote several books on our topic including King Leopold’s Ghost and To End All Wars. We asked him how Morel has personally inspired him, how Morel was a leader and what he believes to be Morel’s legacy. He talked about how Morel’s use of writing was a very crucial part of his campaign because people could twist his words so he had to be very careful.
“Higgs, Dr. Catherine.” Interview by Houadraa Lee and Ingrid Engelhardt. n.d.: n. pag.
Catherine Cline is a professor at the University of Tennessee in the department of history with a focus on African colonialism. She talked to us about specific events in the background of the Congo, but she also spoke to us about his legacy in regards to other writers and activists.
“Dean Pavlakis.” Interviewed by Amanda Hoffman and Houadraa Lee. 5 Apr. 2015
Dr. Pavlakis received his Ph.D. from the University at Buffalo, completing fields in Modern European History, Modern British History, and Atlantic History, with additional special attention to colonial and post-colonial Africa. His research focuses on the how European humanitarianism dealt with colonial rule, especially as it pertained to Africa. His dissertation provides the basis of a forthcoming book on the Congo Reform Movement in Britain and beyond. Dr. Pavlakis discussed with us about Morel’s main legacy and went into depth into how Morel conducted the CRA. He detailed Morel’s impact and relation in politics, also describing to us some of the specific people who were affiliated with Morel and his work.
Websites:
Ankomah, Baffour. "The Butcher of Congo." N.p., Oct. 1999. Web.
This source talks about what King Leopold did in the Congo, also giving us insight into why King Leopold sold the Congo to the Belgian government. It also helped us understand E.D. Morel’s role in these events. It really helped us support our understanding of the effect E.D. Morel had on the Foreign Office, which started to investigate what was going on in the Congo.
Kakutani, Michiko. "'King Leopold's Ghost': Genocide with Spin Control."New York Times. The New York Times, 1 Sept. 1998. Web.
This article describes King Leopold’s Ghost, which is written by the person we interviewed, Adam Hochschild. It’s what inspired us to look into Hochschild and was helpful in finding new resources and books. It also gave us really good quotes from the Roger Casement Report that we got to use on our website and helped us make the original connection between Casement and Morel.
"King Leopold's Ghost." King Leopold's Ghost. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.
This is a review of King Leopold’s Ghost which documents how Leopold sold the Congo to Belgium and how E.D. Morel helped influence that. It was really interesting and helped us prove how people are still learning about E.D. Morel today and how he continues influences people.
“The Morel Prize.” http://www.morelprize.org/
This award serves as an opportunity to reward the efforts of individuals or organizations that have made a particularly significant contribution in defense of the Congolese people. Also to all the countless individuals and organizations who continue to invest their time, energy and resources in defending or advocating for the betterment of Congo as well as the Congolese people. Last but not least, the prize also aims to refocus present, future and historical attention of the Congolese people to individuals and organizations who, often at great personal risk to themselves, have made the Congolese cause a personal mission. This website gave us a sense of how Morel is still remembered and that his name is now used to honor others who have followed in the footsteps of his cause.
Images:
Adam Hochschild. Digital image. Fresh Books. N.p., n.d. Web.http://freshfiction.com/author.php?id=10832
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